Observing Reactions of Sulfuric Acid free essay sample

Assessment task 3 oral presentation summary Description of the experiment * Aim:To observe the reactions of sulfuric acid as an oxidising agent and as a dehydrating agent. Equipment: * 20mL of concentrated sulfuric acid * 20mL of 2mol/L sulfuric acid * 2 small pieces of each of copper, zinc and iron * Sandpaper * 10 test tubes * Test tube rack * 2g of sugar crystals (sucrose) * 2 wooden ice-cream sticks * 10mL measuring cylinders Steps: A: Sulfuric acid as an oxidising agent 1. Clean pieces of metal with sandpaper to remove oxide coating. . Add a piece of each metal to a separate test tube. 3. Add 5mL of concentrated sulfuric acid to each test tube. 4. Record the observations. 5. Repeat the experiment with 2mol/L sulfuric acid. B: Sulfuric acid as dehydrating agent 1. Place 1g of sugar (sucrose) and a wooden ice-cream stick into separate test tube. 2. Add 1-2mL of concentrated sulfuric acid to each test tube. 3. Record the observations. 4. Repeat the experiment with 2mol/L sulfuric a cid Risk assessment * Conc. We will write a custom essay sample on Observing Reactions of Sulfuric Acid or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page sulfuric acid is highly corrosive * If conc. Sulfuric acid is spilt, do not add water * Hydrogen sulfide gas Results | Observations| | Conc. Sulfuric acid| 2 mol/L sulfuric acid| Copper| No observable change| No observable change| Zinc| No observable change| No observable change| Iron| * Exothermic reaction * Bubbling gas| No observable change| Sugar| * Exothermic reaction * Black solid is produced and pushed out from the test tube * Gas with rotten egg smell is released| No observable change| Wood| * Black layer is formed on the wood| No observable change| Validity and reliability Experiment was not repeated * Low reliability * Results not consistent with the known theory * Invalid * Require to eliminate experimental errors Analysis of the results HSC syllabus dot-points: * Students learn to: Describe, using examples, the reactions of sulfuric acid acting as: * an oxidising agent * a dehydrating agent * Students: * Perform first-hand investigations to observe the reactions of sulfuric acid acting as: * an oxidising agent * a d ehydrating agent Conc. sulfuric acid: Reaction with metal – as an oxidising agent: Fes+2H2SO4lFeSO4(aq)+SO2(g)+2H2O(l) * Bubbling gas * FesFe2+(aq)+2e- * 2H+(aq)+2HSO4-(aq)+2e-SO2g+2H2O(l)+SO42-(aq) * Hydrogen sulfate ion act as oxidising agent * Some metals such as zinc did not react * Oxide layer * Heat * Leave overnight 2mol/L sulfuric acid: * Zns+H2SO4aqZnSO4aq+H2g * Zns+2H+aqZn2+aq+H2(g) * Oxidant is hydrogen ion Conc. sulfuric acid: Reaction with sugar and wood – as a dehydrating agent: * C12H22O11sH2SO4Â  12Cs+11H20(l) * Hydrogen sulfide gas 2mol/L sulfuric acid: * Sugar and wood do not react with dilute sulfuric acid

The ongoing National Policy Debate through the lens of the American Enlightenment

The ongoing National Policy Debate through the lens of the American Enlightenment A Summary of the Policy Reform Policy reform debate in the United States revolves around economic issues that the country is experiencing. Presently, the United States has a vast public debt. As a result, the United States is unable to meet its obligations towards its people and workers. Several states such as Illinois and California are almost bankrupt. Equally, most local governments have gone bankrupt, while rates of unemployment in the states remain relatively high.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The ongoing National Policy Debate through the lens of the American Enlightenment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The quest to address these issues seems to have raised lots of contention among people from both sides of government. The Republicans and Democrats argue overtly regarding the best way to manage the economy of the United States. However, there exists some agreement between key economists from both side s, on key issues that affect the nation. In my perspective, the ongoing national debate is not genuine, as it obtains fabrication to serve the interests of a few individuals. In other words, this debate is political and it does not seek to serve the interests of common citizens. This paper presents a discussion about issues surrounding policy reform using the instruments of the founding debates, principles, and documents of the United States. Comparative Analysis Social Contract: Representative Governance Social contract theory argues that the government has two key responsibilities. First, it is the role of the government to ensure that citizens do not hurt each other and second, the government must ensure that citizens keep promises amongst themselves. According to this theory, citizens must be ready to surrender some proportion of their liberty so as to maintain a stable, social context. This theory also recognizes the role of the constitution and the need to ratify the constitut ion as a part of the social contract. Besides, the theory advocates for capitalism. Looking back at the ongoing national policy debate in the United States, it seems like the Republicans do not fully recognize the governance by the Democrats. The Republicans should surrender some proportion of their liberty and allow the Democrats to develop policy reforms that best suits the nation.Advertising Looking for term paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Classical Liberalism: Natural Rights Classical liberalism recognizes that all people have an entitlement to natural rights (Rosenblum and Robert 27). These rights obtain a declaration in America’s independent clause. Classical liberalists maintain that natural rights should determine the correct size and functions of government. The philosophers agree that government often violates natural rights of citizens. They also argue that capitalism is the onl y moral economic system, since it bases on voluntary action. One aspect of capitalism is property rights. America has property rights that get entrenched so well that their basic significance for the suitable functioning of the capitalist system becomes easily disregarded. Hence, policy reform should be directed towards attaining and safeguarding property rights. Faction: Pluralism Pluralism in a government refers to inclusion of rival parties in the government. Factions may destroy excellent governance since they ignore the need for the public wellbeing in a dispute involving rival parties and trigger instability. Besides, the most prevalent faction wins at all times in spite of rights or fairness. The only way to eradicate negative impacts of factions is to disallow liberty. This perspective describes the exact situation that the United States is experiencing. Most of the contentious issues that have caused the prolonged debate originate from the Republicans. Considering that the Republicans occupy a key section of government executives, they may opt to oppose every policy that originates from the Democrats. Ambition: Elitism This perspective requires leaders to be elites who can succumb to the needs of the masses. Besides, this perspective requires leaders to be submissive. The Democrats involved seem to be more knowledgeable than the Republicans when it comes to the ongoing public debate on national policy. Besides, these Democrats are extremely confident and ambitious when it comes to policy formulation. Federalist Position Federalists support the constitution and do not consider the bill of rights as an essential tool for creating an incorrupt government. Federalists’ opinion is that economic factors have triggered the debate, but not the incompetence of the constitution. Anti Federalist Position Anti federalists hold the perspective that the constitution cannot offer adequate protection similar to the Bill of Rights. Anti federalists opinion is t hat the United States, together with its local governments, are unable to meet their obligations towards their people and workers due to lack of an insufficient bills of rights system.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The ongoing National Policy Debate through the lens of the American Enlightenment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Constitutional Perspective The constitution stipulates responsibilities and rights of both executives and common citizens. While constitutions may not be faultless, written constitutions serve as the most excellent way of safeguarding different people and their interests. Hence, interests of Republicans obtain protection by the constitution. The United States Constitution recognizes democracy and the right of expression. Hence, the public policy debate is within the limits of the constitution. Bill of Rights Perspective The bill of rights protects civil liberties granted to each reside nt of the United States, as seen in the Fourteenth Amendment. Among these rights is the freedom of speech. Hence, both parties have a right to express their opinions through public debate. This tool entitles governments to meet their obligations towards citizens. Hence, the United States and entity local governments have denied these rights to their people by not providing adequate employment. Solutions: the Principle of Compromise and Consensus Federalism perspective The founding documents of the United States contain interests of citizens. The documents comprise the constitution, the declaration of independence, the bill of rights and amendments to the constitution (Jefferson 29). Politicians who seek to serve their individual interests should not be allowed to compromise any of the standards established in these documents, since they represent the American foundation. States Perspective The United States’ perspective on consensus and compromise is that Republicans should s upport extensive administration and elevated taxes. However, the government does not offer any examples of Democrats backing deregulation or reduction of taxes. According to the current government, the national interest is totally and wholly the growth of the scope, size and authority of government. The United States should, however, endeavor to provide the needs of its citizens. Most of these needs as identified by the debate include lack of employment and insolvency. The public policy debate should seek to address these issues, so as to ensure that life is affordable and comfortable to these citizens. Cooperative Federalism Perspective The public policy debate, in the United States, should embrace cooperative federalism perspective in order to solve the economic problems facing the entire state. It can be hard for representatives centered, in Washington, to identify the needs of entity states. Hence, entity states can establish effective and relevant policies through cooperative f ederalism. Besides, solving issues locally would involve a smaller population than solving these problems from Washington, as the number of those opposing significant perspectives would be less in these areas.Advertising Looking for term paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More My Proposal and Perspective From my perspective, the two parties should only compromise their principles, on public policy, after they conclude on the frailest agreements. This must happen because persons who show willingness to surrender their principles easily cannot be trusted to continue with the bargain. The purpose of compromise ought to be a win-win situation with both parties negotiating and not just agreeing. Conversely, consensus cannot be obtained in cases that involve a few people with similar minds. Whenever the effect of this public policy debate does not satisfy both parties, such consensus should not take effect as there will be lacking enough commitment towards the effort. The debate on public policy has turned out to be totally disconnected from consensus to a certain direction. Irritated Republicans have forced their members to accept positions that are in conflict with aspects of modern economic scholars. While this may serve the political needs of the Republican s, the policy is not suitable. The difference between the situation of economic information and public policy debate in America has significant effects. At present, many residents in the United States are experiencing difficulties because of high unemployment. Many books in the country contain potential solutions. However, Congressional Republicans do not create room for such books to be examined. Rather, they also obstruct those policy plans that do not seem to have any controversies, from the perspective of most economists. Jefferson, Thomas. The Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, and the Articles of Confederation. Radford, VA: Wilder Publications, 2008. Print. Rosenblum, Nancy and Robert Post. Civil Society and Government. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2002. Print.

The Necessity of Parent and Community Cooperation and Collaboration in Essay

The Necessity of Parent and Community Cooperation and Collaboration in Early Childhood - Essay Example In order to understand this issue and address it effectively, it is vital to answer the following questions: a) how do differences of alteration in society and families have an impact on children and early childhood programs? b) Why are parent/family and community involvement essential in early childhood programs? c) What are the benefits that accrue to parental and community involvement in early childhood programs? And finally, d) How can early childhood professionals encourage and support programs for involving families and communities? In the event that the above questions are addressed in the most appropriate manner; then we can be able to understand how important it is to engage both the parents and the community in early childhood programs.To begin, it is essential to note that parental or community involvement should not only be limited financing or volunteering to the schooling programs of the children. As a matter of fact, the legislation extends the right of parents and com munity to be involved in the daily running of the school programs through continued support and participation in the school’s governing structures ((Powell, 2009). As much as this partnership creates a framework for formal parent involvement, however, the home-school partnership should not be restricted to this. For instance, if we focus on the University of South Africa, they saw the need to introduce a Certificate of Parent Involvement in order to prepare teachers to implement effective school, family, community partnerships. ... As a matter of fact, legislation extends the right of parents and community to be involved in the daily running of the school programs through continued support and participation in the school’s governing structures ((Powell, 2009). As much as this partnership creates a framework for formal parent involvement, however, home-school partnership should not be restricted to this. For instance, if we focus on the University of South Africa, they saw the need to introduce a Certificate in Parent Involvement in order to prepare teachers to implement effective school, family, community partnerships. Changes in the society are also likely to influence the manner in which early childhood programs are governed. In this regard, it is vital to design the curriculum around the Epstein model of family and community and school partnerships (Epstein, 2005). This is because the early childhood field’s interest in parental involvement is based on various powerful ideas in regards to paren tal or communal responsibilities and influences. Indeed, early childhood programs aimed at shaping the relationship between parents, community and schools should actively support the parents to maximize program impact on children (Bredekamp, 2007). This is an idea that has been consistently bolstered by theories and scientific evidence that seeks to highlight on the lasting impact of families and communities on the development of the child. Parents have also been acquainted with the understanding and the apprehension of program goals and curriculum that seeks to promote the healthy child development. This is usually done through parenting education strategies. Secondly,